Tidying up article and styles.
h3rald h3rald@h3rald.com
Fri, 21 Dec 2018 11:57:31 +0100
4 files changed,
157 insertions(+),
209 deletions(-)
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@@ -19,5 +19,4 @@ currentTheme = newTheme;
} themeSwitcher.addEventListener('click', switchTheme); }); - -})(window)+})(window)
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@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ .body-text h4,
.body-text h5, .body-text h6 { margin-left: -2rem; + margin-bottom: 0.8rem; } a {@@ -262,8 +263,8 @@ margin: 0;
} hr::before { - content: '\1F65E\00A0\00A0\2042\00A0\00A0\1F65C'; - font-size: 1rem; + content: '*\00A0\00A0*\00A0\00A0*'; + font-size: 1.5rem; display: block; text-align: center; }@@ -433,9 +434,10 @@
code, pre { background-color: var(--secondary-background); + font-size: 0.8rem; } pre code, img { border: 1px solid var(--secondary-background); -}+}
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contents/articles/10-more-programming-languages.md
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contents/articles/10-more-programming-languages.md
@@ -5,121 +5,116 @@ subtitle: "Another look at 10 non-mainstream programming languages, 10 years later"
content-type: article timestamp: 1545358888 ----- - It has been exactly 10 years today since I published my [10 programming languages worth checking out](/articles/10-programming-languages) article on this web site. -I thought about writing another similar article for a long time, but at first I couldn't think of additional non-mainstream languages worth checking out and then well, I simply forgot until I checked the date on the original article a few months ago, and that's when I decided that, after exactly 10 years, it was time. +Over the last 10 years I thought about writing another non-mainstream programming language roundup, but I never got around to it, until I looked at the date of the original article a few months ago, and I thought about publishing its sequel exactly 10 yearns afterwards. The following 10 sections are devoted to 10 different programming languages. They are not numbered and they are presented in alphabetical order, because there's no winner in this list. Also, the number of people actively using these languages varies quite a lot, but none of these can be considered, at the time of writing, a _mainstream_ programming language like JavaScript, C, C++, Python or Ruby. -For each language, I included a brief overview, an example implementation of a _quicksort_ algorithm (in most cases adapted from [RosettaCode](https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithms/Quicksort)), and a collection of links to get started. +For each language, I included a brief overview, an example implementation of the _FizzBuzz_ problem (in most cases adapted from [RosettaCode](https://rosettacode.org/wiki/FizzBuzz)), and a collection of links to get started. <hr /> ### Crystal -_Fast as C, slick as Ruby_ — it pretty much sums it up. Crystal was first released in 2014 as Ruby-like programming language but backed by [LLVM](https://llvm.org/), so compiled and inherently (much) faster than its popular, more-colorful ancestor. +_Fast as C, slick as Ruby_ — it pretty much sums it up. Crystal was first released in 2014, it is a Ruby-like programming that compiles to native code using [LLVM](https://llvm.org/), so it is faster than its popular, more-colorful ancestor. -While no 1.0 has been released yet, the language is quite popular. It comes with a [web framework](https://amberframework.org/), it has been used to create [games](https://medium.com/@alanwillms/you-should-write-your-next-game-with-crystal-f27306b63e3d), and someone even calls it [the most promising programming language of 2018](https://medium.com/@DuroSoft/why-crystal-is-the-most-promising-programming-language-of-2018-aad669d8344f). It is not backed by a big companies like some of the languages on this list, but it could be a good thing, after all. +If you already know Ruby and love its syntax, then you'll fall in love with Crystal and its metaprogramming capabilities, but you'll also like its dedicated syntax to integrate with native C code and the possibility to create standalone executable files just by running `crystal build myprogram.cr` -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +While no 1.0 version has been released yet, the language is quite popular. It comes with a [web framework](https://amberframework.org/), it has been used to create [games](https://medium.com/@alanwillms/you-should-write-your-next-game-with-crystal-f27306b63e3d), and someone even calls it [the most promising programming language of 2018](https://medium.com/@DuroSoft/why-crystal-is-the-most-promising-programming-language-of-2018-aad669d8344f). It is not backed by a big companies like some of the languages on this list, but this could be a good thing, after all. + +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -def quick_sort(a : Array(Int32)) : Array(Int32) - return a if a.size <= 1 - p = a[0] - lt, rt = a[1 .. -1].partition { |x| x < p } - return quick_sort(lt) + [p] + quick_sort(rt) +1.upto(100) do |v| + p fizz_buzz(v) +end + +def fizz_buzz(value) + word = "" + word += "fizz" if value % 3 == 0 + word += "buzz" if value % 5 == 0 + word += value.to_s if word.empty? + word end ``` #### To get you started... -* [Official Web Site](https://crystal-lang.org/) -* [Official Forum](https://forum.crystal-lang.org/) -* [Wikipedia Page][wiki-crystal] -* [Awesome Crystal](https://github.com/veelenga/awesome-crystal) -* [Crystal Shards - a collection of awesome Crystal libraries](https://crystalshards.xyz/) +* [Official Web Site](https://elixir-lang.org/) +* [Official Forum](https://elixirforum.com/) +* [Wikipedia Page][wiki-elixir] +* [Awesome Elixir](https://github.com/h4cc/awesome-elixir) +* [The hex package manager](https://hex.pm/) + +[wiki-elixir]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language) -[wiki-crystal]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language) +### Elm -### Elixir +Elm was the last language I picked last for this list. I wasn't going to include it because it's not as general purpose as the other languages, as it is focused solely on web development and it transpiles to JavaScript, and there are [an awful lot of languages that do this](https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/List-of-languages-that-compile-to-JS) nowadays. -Elixir came about in 2011, as an effort to bring more extensibility, metaprogramming and a more [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/)-esque syntax to the [Erlang](https://www.erlang.org/) world. If you are already in love Ruby, but you'd like a little bit more oomph, you'll love Elixir: it runs on top of the Erlang virtual machine but it looks and feels like Ruby. And Crystal, of course. +The reason why I picked Elm in the end is because, unlike most of the languages that transpile to JavaScript (hey, I said _most_!), Elm has its own very distinct flavor and ecosystem. Also, it is very much a _batteries-included_ solution to develop web applications: there's no need for a JavaScript framework if you are using Elm, and if you embrace its philosophy and take full advantage of its extensive tooling, you won't suffer from [JavaScript Fatigue](https://medium.com/@ericclemmons/javascript-fatigue-48d4011b6fc4) anymore. -Over the years Elixir steadily grew in popularity, reached a version 1.0, and it now provides really comprehensive documentation, a friendly community and a rich ecosystem of packages. Also, if you are looking for a Rails/Django/Express equivalent, the [Phoenix](https://phoenixframework.org/) framework has been used successfully in [many projects](https://medium.com/aviabird/10-amazing-open-source-elixir-phoenix-apps-e2c52ee25053). +Elm offers static typing, [type inference](https://guide.elm-lang.org/types/), [pattern matching](https://guide.elm-lang.org/types/pattern_matching.html), [functors, applicative and monads](https://medium.com/@l.mugnaini/functors-applicatives-and-monads-in-pictures-784c2b5786f7). It kinda feels a bit like Haskell, but perhaps less daunting and more to-the-point: you are going to use it to build web applications after all. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -defmodule Sort do - def qsort([]), do: [] - def qsort([h | t]) do - {lesser, greater} = Enum.split_with(t, &(&1 < h)) - qsort(lesser) ++ [h] ++ qsort(greater) - end -end +import Graphics.Element exposing (show) +import List exposing (map) + +main = + map getWordForNum [1..100] |> show + +getWordForNum num = + if num % 15 == 0 then + "FizzBuzz" + else if num % 3 == 0 then + "Fizz" + else if num % 5 == 0 then + "Buzz" + else + toString num ``` #### To get you started... -* [Official Web Site](https://elixir-lang.org/) -* [Official Forum](https://elixirforum.com/) -* [Wikipedia Page][wiki-elixir] -* [Awesome Elixir](https://github.com/h4cc/awesome-elixir) -* [The hex package manager](https://hex.pm/) +* [Official Web Site](https://elm-lang.org/) +* [Official Forum](https://discourse.elm-lang.org/) +* [Wikipedia Page][wiki-elm] +* [Awesome Elm](https://github.com/isRuslan/awesome-elm) +* [Elm packages](https://package.elm-lang.org/) -[wiki-elixir]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language) +[wiki-elm]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_(programming_language) ### Go -One of the most significant trends in the last 10 years is big companies creating and sponsoring their own programming languages. In 2009, Google created Go as a more modern substitute to C and C++. It provides [structural typing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_type_system), memory safety, multi-paradigm support, high performance and concurrency, but also a friendlier syntax. +One of the most significant trends in the last 10 years is big companies creating and sponsoring their own programming languages. In 2009, Google created Go as a more modern substitute to C and C++. It provides [structural typing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_type_system), memory safety, support for different programming paradigms, high performance and concurrency, and of course a friendlier syntax than C or C++. + +One example of a successful application written in Go? [Docker](https://www.docker.com/) of course. Over the years Go has been used successfully to build almost anything, from web frameworks like [Revel](http://revel.github.io/), data stores like [InfluxDb](https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb) and very popular static site generators like [Hugo](https://gohugo.io/). -One example of a successful application written in Go? [Docker](https://www.docker.com/) of course, and [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/) as well. But over the years Go has been used successfully to build almost anything, from web frameworks like [Revel](http://revel.github.io/), data stores like [InfluxDb](https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb) and static site generators like [Hugo](https://gohugo.io/). +If you want a fairly stable and well-rounded programming language for your next project, Go is a safe and powerful choice. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` package main -import ( - "fmt" - "sort" - "math/rand" -) +import "fmt" -func partition(a sort.Interface, first int, last int, pivotIndex int) int { - a.Swap(first, pivotIndex) // move it to beginning - left := first+1 - right := last - for left <= right { - for left <= last && a.Less(left, first) { - left++ - } - for right >= first && a.Less(first, right) { - right-- - } - if left <= right { - a.Swap(left, right) - left++ - right-- +func main() { + for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ { + switch { + case i%15==0: + fmt.Println("FizzBuzz") + case i%3==0: + fmt.Println("Fizz") + case i%5==0: + fmt.Println("Buzz") + default: + fmt.Println(i) } } - a.Swap(first, right) // swap into right place - return right -} - -func quicksortHelper(a sort.Interface, first int, last int) { - if first >= last { - return - } - pivotIndex := partition(a, first, last, rand.Intn(last - first + 1) + first) - quicksortHelper(a, first, pivotIndex-1) - quicksortHelper(a, pivotIndex+1, last) -} - -func quicksort(a sort.Interface) { - quicksortHelper(a, 0, a.Len()-1) } ```@@ -135,36 +130,25 @@ [wiki-go]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)
### Julia -Julia started out in 2009 and reached its 1.0 release just a few months ago. It is written mainly in C except for its parser that is written in [FemtoLisp](https://github.com/JeffBezanson/femtolisp) a Scheme implementation created by Julia's creator, Jeff Bezanson. +Julia started out in 2009 and reached its 1.0 release just a few months ago. It is written mainly in C except for its parser that is written in [FemtoLisp](https://github.com/JeffBezanson/femtolisp), a Scheme implementation developed by Julia's creator, Jeff Bezanson. -Perhaps among the most specialized programming languages in this list, Julia excels in scientific computing, data analysis and machine learning although it can still be used for more ordinary things like web development (thanks to its [Genie](http://genieframework.com/) framework). The first thing that comes to mind when people approach this language is why would you use it when [Python](https://www.python.org/) and [R](https://www.r-project.org/) already exist and are more mainstream in the scientific domain... well, the answer seems to be predominantly performance (when compared to its direct competitors at least). +Perhaps among the most specialized programming languages in this list, Julia excels in scientific computing, data analysis and machine learning although it can still be used for more ordinary things like web development (thanks to its [Genie](http://genieframework.com/) framework). The first thing that comes to mind when people approach this language is why would you use it when [Python](https://www.python.org/) and [R](https://www.r-project.org/) already exist and are more mainstream (in the world of scientific computing). The answer seems to be predominantly performance, when compared to its direct competitors in the same space. -Sure, it's less mature and tooling probably is not quite comparable to Python, but over the years it is slowly gaining some momentum, especially after its 1.0 release. Also, the fact that it has FFIs to C, Fortran, Python, R and Java could probably tempt more scientists into a more step-by-step adoption. +Sure, it's less mature and tooling probably is not quite on-par with Python, but over the years it is slowly gaining some momentum, especially after its recent 1.0 release. Also, the fact that it has FFIs to C, Fortran, Python, R and Java could probably tempt more scientists into a more step-by-step adoption. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -function quicksort!(A,i=1,j=length(A)) - if j > i - pivot = A[rand(i:j)] # random element of A - left, right = i, j - while left <= right - while A[left] < pivot - left += 1 - end - while A[right] > pivot - right -= 1 - end - if left <= right - A[left], A[right] = A[right], A[left] - left += 1 - right -= 1 - end - end - quicksort!(A,i,right) - quicksort!(A,left,j) +for i in 1:100 + if i % 15 == 0 + println("FizzBuzz") + elseif i % 3 == 0 + println("Fizz") + elseif i % 5 == 0 + println("Buzz") + else + println(i) end - return A end ```@@ -180,24 +164,24 @@ [wiki-julia]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)
### Kotlin -Born in 2011, Kotlin was originally JetBrains' attempt to create a language with cool features like functional programming support, extension methods, etc. but still compile very quickly compared to other JVM languages like Scala (it can also be compiled to JavaScript code). +Born in 2011, Kotlin was originally JetBrains' attempt to create a language with cool features like functional programming support, extension methods, etc. but still compile very quickly compared to other JVM languages like Scala. As a bonus, Kotlin can also be compiled to JavaScript code. -Quite a few high-profile Android apps [have been migrated to Kotlin](https://appinventiv.com/blog/apps-migrated-from-java-to-kotlin) over the years, reporting various benefits ranging from being much more concise, safer and overall more maintainable than Java code. Besides JetBrains, a few startups and companies are reportedly using Kotlin in production, such as Basecamp, Square, and Pinterest. +Quite a few high-profile Android apps [have been migrated to Kotlin](https://appinventiv.com/blog/apps-migrated-from-java-to-kotlin) over the years, reporting various benefits ranging from being much more concise, safer and overall leading to more maintainable code than Java. Besides JetBrains, a few startups and companies are reportedly using Kotlin in production, such as Basecamp, Square, and Pinterest. -Although I have never been a big fan of the JVM, Kotlin is definitely one of the most innovative and trending languages running on it nowadays, and perhaps more well-known than its comparable contenders, like [Ceylon](https://ceylon-lang.org/) and [Xtend](https://www.eclipse.org/xtend/), the so-called _second generation_ JVM languages. +Although I have never been a big fan of the JVM, Kotlin is definitely one of the most innovative and trending languages running on it nowadays, and perhaps more well-known than its comparable contenders, like [Ceylon](https://ceylon-lang.org/) and [Xtend](https://www.eclipse.org/xtend/) — the so-called _second generation_ JVM languages. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -fun <T : Comparable<T>> quicksort(list: List<T>): List<T> { - if (list.isEmpty()) return emptyList() - - val head = list.first() - val tail = list.takeLast(list.size - 1) - - val (less, high) = tail.partition { it < head } - - return less + head + high +fun fizzBuzz() { + for (i in 1..100) { + when { + i % 15 == 0 -> println("FizzBuzz") + i % 3 == 0 -> println("Fizz") + i % 5 == 0 -> println("Buzz") + else -> println(i) + } + } } ```@@ -212,36 +196,26 @@ [wiki-kotlin]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)
### Nim -Nim is the only language in this list that is also present in the [original article](/articles/10-programming-languages), but under the name _Nimrod_. +Nim is the oldest language on this list, as it was born in 2008, so exactly 10 years ago, under the name of _Nimrod_. The intent of the author, Andreas Rumpf, was to name it after a [biblical king](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod), little did he know that in the US the word is also a synonym for _idiot_ or similar, so the language was later renamed to _Nim_. Anyhow, after 10 years, the Nim programming language hasn't reached version 1.0 yet, but according to the core team we are apparently _very close_. -Although currently at version 0.19.0, Nim is quite stable and can be used in production as quite an efficient system programming language that compiles to C. You may want to watch out for deprecations between one release and the other, but I've been using it for the last... _10 years_ and it has been a remarkable experience. I use Nim in my spare time in quite a few pet [projects](/projects/). +Currently at version 0.19.0, Nim is quite stable and can be used in production as quite an efficient system programming language that compiles to C, but it looks and feels like Python. You may want to watch out for deprecations between one release and the other, but I've been using it for the last... _10 years_ and it has been a remarkable experience. I use Nim in my spare time in quite a few pet [projects](/projects/), including the [static site generator](https://hastysite.h3rald.com/) that currently powers this web site. -Want to know something else really cool written in Nim? The open source [Nim forum engine](https://github.com/nim-lang/nimforum) which is based on the [Karax](https://github.com/pragmagic/karax) SPA framework and the [Jester](https://github.com/dom96/jester) web server. +Want to know something else really cool written in Nim? The open source [Nim forum engine](https://github.com/nim-lang/nimforum) which is based on the [Karax](https://github.com/pragmagic/karax) SPA framework and the [Jester](https://github.com/dom96/jester) web server, both also written in Nim. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -proc quickSort[T](a: var openarray[T], inl = 0, inr = -1) = - var r = if inr >= 0: inr else: a.high - var l = inl - let n = r - l + 1 - if n < 2: return - let p = a[l + 3 * n div 4] - while l <= r: - if a[l] < p: - inc l - continue - if a[r] > p: - dec r - continue - if l <= r: - swap a[l], a[r] - inc l - dec r - quickSort(a, inl, r) - quickSort(a, l, inr) +for i in 1..100: + if i mod 15 == 0: + echo("FizzBuzz") + elif i mod 3 == 0: + echo("Fizz") + elif i mod 5 == 0: + echo("Buzz") + else: + echo(i) ``` #### To get you started...@@ -261,40 +235,21 @@ Mozilla unveiled Rust in 2010, as an effort to create a high-performance system programming language comparable to C and C++ for performance, but easier to use and with more modern features common to high-level programming language.
After 8 years, portions of Firefox, Dropbox and Cloudflare are written in Rust, the [Piston](https://www.piston.rs/) open source game engine is written in Rust, and of course Mozilla's [Servo](https://servo.org/), a new browser engine that will probably make its way into Firefox in the near future. -There are quite a few articles online comparing Rust to Nim and Go. These three language are somewhat in the same space, being at least born as system programming languages. If you read these articles you'll see an almost equal percentage of wins and losses... there are pros and cons as in everything: Nim has the smallest community, Go probably the biggest; Nim syntax is practically Python, Go's is pretty easy as well, while Rust seems syntactically the closes to C/C++, and also arguably the most complex. But again, your mileage may vary. +There are quite a few articles online comparing Rust to Nim and Go. These three language are somewhat in the same space, being all born as system programming languages and addressing similar concerns. If you read these articles you'll see an almost equal percentage of wins and losses... there are pros and cons as in everything: Nim has the smallest community, Go probably the biggest; Nim syntax is practically Python, Go's is pretty easy as well, while Rust seems syntactically the closes to C/C++, and also arguably the most complex. But again, your mileage may vary. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -fn quick_sort<T,F>(v: &mut [T], f: &F) - where F: Fn(&T,&T) -> bool -{ - let len = v.len(); - if len >= 2 { - let pivot_index = partition(v, f); - quick_sort(&mut v[0..pivot_index], f); - quick_sort(&mut v[pivot_index + 1..len], f); - } -} - -fn partition<T,F>(v: &mut [T], f: &F) -> usize - where F: Fn(&T,&T) -> bool -{ - let len = v.len(); - let pivot_index = len / 2; - - v.swap(pivot_index, len - 1); - - let mut store_index = 0; - for i in 0..len - 1 { - if f(&v[i], &v[len - 1]) { - v.swap(i, store_index); - store_index += 1; - } +use std::borrow::Cow; +fn main() { + for i in 1..101 { + println!("{}", match (i % 3, i % 5) { + (0, 0) => "FizzBuzz".into(), + (0, _) => "Fizz".into(), + (_, 0) => "Buzz".into(), + _ => Cow::from(i.to_string()), + }); } - - v.swap(store_index, len - 1); - store_index } ```@@ -309,25 +264,20 @@
### Swift -Swift is Apple's answer to the prayers of many iOS app developers complaining that Objective C was too hard to program with. It was first released in 2014 and it became very popular especially among iOS developers... in fact I don't believe it's used for anything else really. +Swift is Apple's answer to the prayers of many iOS app developers complaining that Objective-C was too hard to program with. It was first released in 2014 and it became very popular especially among iOS developers... in fact I don't believe it's used for anything else really. -Similarly, it doesn't run on Windows but only on Unixes (Darwin/Linux/FreeBSD), but typically 90% of its users are going to program in Swift using XCode on their macOS machine. +Similarly, it doesn't run on Windows but only on Unixes (Darwin/Linux/FreeBSD), but typically 90% of its users are going to program in Swift using XCode on their macOS machine anyway. -While definitely a step up from Objective-C from a syntax and high-level features point of view, unlike other languages on this list its niche is pretty much mobile apps, or better, iOS apps. If I were to develop an iOS app, I'd probably pick Swift as well. +While definitely a step up from Objective-C from a syntax and high-level features point of view, unlike most of the other languages on this list its niche is pretty much mobile apps, or better, _iOS_ apps. If I were to develop an iOS app today, I'd probably pick Swift as well. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` -func quicksort<T where T : Comparable>(inout elements: [T], range: Range<Int>) { - if (range.endIndex - range.startIndex > 1) { - let pivotIndex = partition(&elements, range) - quicksort(&elements, range.startIndex ..< pivotIndex) - quicksort(&elements, pivotIndex+1 ..< range.endIndex) - } -} - -func quicksort<T where T : Comparable>(inout elements: [T]) { - quicksort(&elements, indices(elements)) +for i in 1...100{ + var s:String? + if i%3==0{s="Fizz"} + if i%5==0{s=(s ?? "")+"Buzz"} + print(s ?? i) } ```@@ -340,39 +290,36 @@ * [Awesome Swift](https://github.com/matteocrippa/awesome-swift)
[wiki-swift]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language) -### Wren - -Now, this is a real gem. There's only a 0.1.0 release on GitHub from 2016, but you're better off cloning straight from the repo for the latest stuff. I think this pretty much answers the question _how new is this language?_ - -Wren is a really small (in size), interpreted scripting language with a very clean and familiar syntax, that packs a lot of features, as well as concurrency support via lightweight fibers. It has no dependencies and it is extremely well suited for embedding in C programs. Oh, and it's [fast](http://wren.io/performance.html) compared to other interpreters. - -Of course it cannot be compared of behemoths like Rust or Go, it's a tiny little thing, written by [one single person](http://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/) I really admire very much. - -You won't use it for writing your next mission-critical, life-saving piece of software, but if you want a modern, advanced, easy to learn, pleasant to write scripting language for your next project, look no further: give Wren a shot. Yes sure, [Lua](https://www.lua.org/) is probably dominating this space, but what the hell, there's no harm in trying something new, right? - -#### Example Quicksort Implementation - -``` - -``` - -#### To get you started... - -* [Official Web Site](http://wren.io/) - ### Zig -Slightly more mainstream then Wren, Zig was born in 2016 and it hit its 0.3.0 release just a few months ago. The language positions itself in the already-crowded space of the next generation system programming languages, but there's a [rationale](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/wiki/Why-Zig-When-There-is-Already-CPP,-D,-and-Rust%3F) for it. +Zig was born in 2016 and it hit its 0.3.0 release just a few months ago. The language positions itself in the already-crowded space of the next generation system programming languages, but there's a [rationale](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/wiki/Why-Zig-When-There-is-Already-CPP,-D,-and-Rust%3F) for it. -It is essentially a much smaller, more minimalist alternative to Rust, C++, and D. Its syntax doesn't look as user-friendly as other languages on this list, but Zig seems to have a particular focus on being _safer_ than its competitors. It provides easy interoperability with C (_Compatible with C libraries with no wrapper necessary. Directly include C .h files and get access to the functions and symbols therein._) and aims at targeting as many platforms as possible. +It is essentially a much smaller, more minimalist alternative to Rust, C++, and D. Its syntax doesn't look as user-friendly as other languages on this list, but Zig seems to have a particular focus on being _safer_ than its competitors. It provides easy interoperability with C (_[...] Compatible with C libraries with no wrapper necessary. Directly include C .h files and get access to the functions and symbols therein._) and aims at targeting as many platforms as possible. Could this be the holy grail, the true replacement of C? Only time will tell. It's way too soon to judge, but this new kid on the block is the last on this list, but one of the most promising. -#### Example Quicksort Implementation +#### Example FizzBuzz Implementation ``` - +fn fizzbuzz(n: usize) -> []u8 { + var result: var = []u8{}; + {var i: usize = 1; while (i <= 100; i += 1) { + if (i % 3 == 0 && i % 5 == 0) { + result = result ++ "FizzBuzz\n"; + } else if (i % 3 == 0) { + result = result ++ "Fizz\n"; + } else if (i % 5 == 0) { + result = result ++ "Buzz\n"; + } else { + var buf: [20]u8 = undefined; + const len = io.buf_print_unsigned(usize, buf[0...], i); + result = result ++ buf[0...len] ++ "\n"; + } + }} + return result; +} ``` +_(adapted from [this gist](https://gist.github.com/andrewrk/6780fa252b693169897686e907c9da2a) by Andrew Kelly)_ #### To get you started...@@ -382,10 +329,10 @@ ### Epilogue
...And that's all, folks! Sorry if I missed your favorite language, I really am. But this is not really a competition, it's just a very opinionated article. -The one thing to take away from this article, along with a bunch of links, is that _none of these languages existed_ when I wrote [the original article](/articles/10-programming-languages) 10 years ago (except for Nim of course that already existed as _Nimrod_). This is remarkable. 10 years ago people were already going crazy on the then-just-launched Hacker News and Reddit every time a new programming language popped up. +The one thing to take away from this article, along with a bunch of hopefully useful links, is that _none of these languages existed_ when I wrote [the original article](/articles/10-programming-languages) 10 years ago (except for Nim of course that already existed as _Nimrod_). This is remarkable. 10 years ago people were already going crazy on the then-just-launched Hacker News and Reddit every time a new programming language popped up. _Why bother?_ —They said. _Why did you create X when Y and Z already do the same thing?_ -The answer is that creating a new programming language is sometimes the best strategy to solve a problem. Apple had a problem with Objective-C and created Swift, Mozilla needed something better than C++ to create their next generation browser, some people really loved Ruby but hated its inherent slowness and created Crystal and Elixir. All these extraordinary people and companies were bold enough to bet on something _completely new_ and be successful. +The answer is that creating a new programming language is sometimes the best strategy to solve a problem. Apple had a problem with Objective-C and created Swift, Mozilla needed something better than C++ to create their next generation browser, some people really loved Ruby but hated its inherent slowness and created Crystal and Elixir. All these extraordinary people and companies were bold enough to bet on something _completely new_ and be (relatively) successful. -We are living a new Golden Age of programming language design, and we should be grateful for this diversity, not pissed off. Learning a new programming language may feel pointless sometimes, but it is always rewarding to some level... so pick one of these and try it out, you won't be disappointed.+We are living a new Golden Age of programming language design, and we should be grateful for this diversity, not pissed off. Learning a new programming language may feel pointless sometimes, but it is always rewarding to some level... so pick one of these and try it out, you won't be disappointed!
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